People Oriented Leader Or Relations Oriented Leadership Business Essay

People Oriented Leader Or Relations Oriented Leadership Business Essay Many business majors do not see the early management though as primitive in nature. Modern management thinking is often thought as modern management theory. Modern management thinking has been researched in reference to early management though, businessmen today only have a clear understanding of current and modern managing thinking, they have little knowledge of the past management thinking. Management thought involves politics and theory. The politics of management thought often come from the ones whom want the management styles to be received (OConnor, 1999). Because of political institutions order can be restored under established institutions. Management science during the factory era did just that. This could be seen during the Great Depression where management was desperately needed for reestablishing jobs. The birth of The Labor Unions was in this era. This proved to be one of the most effective changes management science contributed to history (Wren/Bendein, 2009). Modern management has its foundations based on management science and thoughts. The birth of early management started like everything else started i.e. people wanting a solution to a problem. Management thought has been often thought of as a type of science, and in fact it is. Managerial science uses assets of human resources and business principles to define and resolve workplace issues (Bedeian, 2004). During the early era of factory companies managerial companies were basically absolute and non-existent this caused chaos and lack of communication. Miller in his book Barbarians to Bureaucrats mentioned that there must be a strong relationship between the life cycle stage of an organization and the nature of its leadership, where as leadership is defined as an elusive concept, which comes through a conversation quite easily but very, few people understand. The very idea of leadership presupposes the existence of follower. (Wright and Taylor) stated that the activity of leadership co uld not be carried out without the aid of the followers to lead. Advanced managerial thoughts are based on the foundations of Millers 7 stages which are Prophet, Barbarian, Builder and Explorer, Administrator, Bureaucrat, Aristocrat and Synergist. The compelling new vision of a prophet and the aggressive leadership of an iron willed barbarian, who implement the prophet ideas will help to build new techniques and expansions. The builder and the explorer then push these through, but the growth spawned by these managers can easily stagnate when the administrator sacrifices innovation to order, and the bureaucrat imposes tight control. The aristocrat spends his time re-arranging, trading, and manipulating the assets but is unable to create new ones. It is the synergist that are capable of specialized knowledge and skills, and the integration of those competencies makes them a business leader who balances creativity with order, to restore vitality and insure future growth. It is important that a leader has good ethics in leadership, this is because in management the leaders must take decision that not only will benefit them but also think how other people will be affected. Millers work showed how leaders offered their leadership skills with their known value and ethics. These stages offered more advanced managerial thoughts, since companies started to focus on more of a humanistic approach to resolving issues with managerial science by establishing policies and procedures as well as employee labor relations. Leadership can come in many forms such as: Autocratic Leadership Bureaucratic Leadership Charismatic Leadership Democratic Leader or Participative Leadership Laissez-Fair Leadership Task-Oriented Leadership People Oriented Leader or Relations-Oriented Leadership Servant Leadership Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership The right leadership is chosen according to the requirements of the company it self. Each leadership carries its own scope. To be a good leader means switching him or herself instinctively between styles according to the people and work they are dealing with. To choose the most effective approach one must consider: The skill levels and experience of the members of the team. The work involved (routine or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous) Among all of the management thought theories there are some key principles that have been defined. The identification of systems is done by their structures, since there are different types of systems. These include: real system, abstract or analytical system and controlled system. Systems of theory provide an internally consistent framework for classifying and evaluating the world. This consists of many definitions and concepts. When system theory was first introduced to management science and organizations were significantly affected. The main effects of system theory in management are that educators and consultants started helping managers to change their overall perspective regarding an organization. Managers were being thought to look at an organization from a broader and new perspective, by interpreting patterns and events in the workplace. Before the theory of systems was introduced, managers used to focus on one part of an organization at a time and after they moved all attention to another part. In other words, the importance of synchronization between departments (or parts of an organization) was not given great importance. As already mentioned, earlier in the introduction, feedback, communication and collaboration between systems are a necessity in order for an organization to work efficiently with a common goal. Theory of systems is an abstract philosophical framework that involves a highly empirical and investigative form of management science [2]. Moreover, system of theories is a useful conceptual tool, although it is insufficient. System theory is a useful tool because it helps analyse orderly research problems while it is insufficient because researchers need to take a very active role to complete the abstract role suggested by the systems theory. It also clarifies the role of complex organisations in modern society; and predicts that the complexity of organisations, and therefore the role of management, will probably continue to increase at least for so long as the efficiency-enhancing potential of complexity can continue to outweigh its inevitably increased transaction costs. The introducing of theory of systems to managers, helped them recognizing the various parts of the organization, and in particular the interrelation of the parts. As system theory was introduced, it took much more of a holistic view of organisation, focusing on total work organization and the inter-relationship between structures and human behaviours producing a wide range of variable within organisations [3]. They help us understand the interactions between individuals, groups, communities, organizations, larger social systems, in their own environments and help us enhance our understanding of how human behaviour operates. The fundamentals of the past have been neglected by scholars of the present day. (Bedeian, 1998) states that evolution of management thought has been deprived of the past, which has the backbone of modern day management. It is a known fact that anything that is currently in existence as we as humans may know it to be, had to come from somewhere. The past exists in a reciprocal relationship with the present (Bedeian, 2004). Early management thought has evolved over this time period with more advanced thinking in how to better manage and keep order. Significant contributions have deemed necessary in order for management thought to become as evolved as we know it today. Modern Management Thinking is mainly surrounded by policies, procedures and ethical methodologies these guide the co-operation itself. Many aspects of modern management thought derived from the economic history of traditional management. Factory era management science concepts such as well-defined hierarchy, labor relations, rules and regulations, interpersonal skills, competence and records management cultivated the framework of the 21st century of modern management. (CliffsNotes, 2010) Structural contingency theory makes part of Modern Management. This theory is closely related to system design (Scott 2003). The contingency adopted an open systems view on organization. It is a class behavioural theory, which claims that theres no best way to organize a corporation, lead it or make decision. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. Some important contingencies for companies are listed below: 1. Technology 2. Suppliers and distributors 3. Consumer interest groups 4. Customers and competitors 5. Government 6. Unions Structural contingency theory suggests that companies will have a plan so that if any organizational change takes into place the other plan will be obtained. Therefore, each business ensures that it will operate within the most efficient structure to support the business. There are varies factors that influence structural contingency decisions and plans. This theory also states that organizational structure needs to fit the three contingencies of the environment, size and strategy. This means that every aspect of the current situation has to be taken in account when a manager makes a decision. It also has to act on the aspects that are the key of the situation at hand, this means that what worked once is not going to work on a different situation, that is why it all depends. According to this, the best style will be achieved due to a continuing effort of identifying the best leadership or management style. Making decisions or applying leadership styles contingent on internal and external factors. These can increase effectiveness in the current situation. Such theory is part of the contingency theories of leadership, decision-making and also rules. In this theory, it is explained that a managers success relies on variables such as the workforce, leadership style, task structure, perceived power of the manager and corporate culture. Modern management science is obviously shaped by every aspect of the past. Although education plays a great part in modern management thinking, the term modern thinking is truly understood by experience. Bedeian in his book the Gift of Professional Maturity explains the five lessons that are considered invaluable. The first lesson is that of realizing ideas are a product of their own time and place.(Bedeian, 2004). This is an epiphany for business majors because it denounces the idea of management thought being universal to all times. This type was evident in the Great Depression where as one can see it was only justified and useful in a particular time period. The second lesson in management thinking in accordance to Bedeian is the advantage of being an informed consumer of received knowledge. Having the correct information in a the palm of your hand will serve as an adversary when it comes to management thought; everything in management theory is based off of acclaimed information. Without received knowledge management is obsolete (Bedeian, 2004). The third lesson of Bedeian is the danger of inherent in relying on secondary source materials. Information is best effective when obtained from a primary source. Secondary information; when it comes to management thought is useless. Which is why modern management thought has a bit of an advantage over factor era management thought. Bedeian in his fourth lesson of management says: widely accepted facts are often wrong. He implies that accepted facts are widely wrong. In fact, this begs the explanation of what is considered accepted as fact. In management thought fact may not always be determined as fact unless the information to support the facts are true in nature (Bedeian, 2004). Employees had lack of managerial facts during the factory era. This included the actual conditions, which they had been working on. Due to an understated compensation, employees were not sure who they will believe while child labor was spread. By taking great strides to improve these facets of management, modern management has learnt lessons from the factory era. The fifth and last lesson of Bedeian is the special advantage of the past history. (Bedeian, 2004) Modern management thinking has had the advantage of learning from the past events that were so devastating to the world and has the advantage of making better management economic choices. After evaluating and discussing in detail such contributions, it can be concluded that effective and qualitative management is a necessity in both small and large corporations/businesses. The latter will yield a better organizational structure incorporating all the departments of a company to work as unity to achieve several goals.

Literary Translation as a Creative Act. Essay

Literary translation implies the translation of all genres of literature, which include prose, drama and poetry. Literature is described as ‘an apparently nebulous body of knowledge in oral or written form, an imitation of life, which reflects civilization and culture, and which covers every angle of human activities-culture, tradition, entertainment, information among others.’ It is one of the great creative and universal means of communicating the emotional, spiritual and intellectual concerns of humankind. Literary translation has to do with translating texts written in a literary language, which abounds in ambiguities, homonyms and arbitrariness, as distinct from the language of science or that of administration. Literary language is highly connotative and subjective because each literary author is lexically and stylistically idiosyncratic and through his power of imagination, he uses certain literary techniques such as figures of speech, proverbs and homonyms through which he weaves literary forms. The literary translator is therefore the person who concerns himself with translation of literary texts. A literary translator generally respects good writing by taking into account the language, structures, and content, whatever the nature of the text. The literary translator participates in the author’s creative activity and then recreates structures and signs by adapting the target language text to the source language text as closely as intelligibility allows. He needs to assess not only the literary quality of the text but also its acceptability to the target reader, and this should be done by having a deep knowledge of the cultural and literary history of both the Source and the Target Languages. Language and culture are closely related and one is indispensable to the other. In fact, language acquires its meaning from the country’s culture. A single language may cross several culture borders. There are generally problems in the translation of cultural words in a literary text unless there is a cultural overlap between the source language and the target language. It is not enough for a translator to know what words are used in the target language; he must also make the reader understand the sense as it is understood by the reader of the original. For instance, in a text where there is a cultural focus, there can be translation problems due to the cultural gap between the source and the target languages. The meaning of a  single word or expression is largely derived from its culture. Therefore, translation, being a simple linguistic process, a cultural understanding comes into play because the translator is supposed to produce equivalence and where this does not exist, problems occur. The translator is expected to creatively exploit the altered cultural, linguistic and literary context in order to realize the different potentials of the target language in an act or literary creation since translation is an intercultural activity. Linguistically, each language has its own metaphysics, which determines the spirit of a nation and its behavioral norms, and this is what is known as linguistic relativity. Language directs our intellect and even our sensory perception. Since words or images may vary considerably from one group to another, the translator needs to pay attention to the style, language and vocabulary peculiar to the two languages in question in order to produce an ‘exact’ translation of the source language text. Thus while translating something from a language to other, the sense and the behavior of the sentence gets changed obscurely. So as to carry the that sense and the behavior of the sentence the original author meant, the translator himself need to be creative, with a good knowledge of both languages, the one translating to and from.

Difference Between Por Qué and Para Qué in Spanish

Although both para quà © and por quà © used in questions in Spanish are usually translated as why, there is a subtle difference in meaning between them. Simply, the question  ¿Por que? might be thought of as Why? the question  ¿Para quà ©? might be thought of as What for? Por quà © addresses the cause of something and looks back to the reason or motivation for the action. Para quà © looks forward to the purpose, goal, objective or intention of something. Note that there are four different ways to write  por  quà ©, such as one word, two words, with and without an accent over the e, and there are differences in meaning. Ways to Use Para Quà © and Por  Quà © It is often possible to substitute  por  quà ©Ã‚  for  para quà ©, but not always the other way around. In situations where  por  quà ©Ã‚  is substituted for  para quà ©, the point of emphasis in the sentence changes. Spanish Sentence English Translation Para qu vas al dentista? Why are you going to the dentist? [For what reason?] Para qu quiere pagar ms? Why does he want to pay more? [For what purpose?] Para qu estudias espaol? Para viajar? Why to do study Spanish? For travel? [For what reason?] Por qu muri el soldado? What caused the soldier to die? Para qu muri el soldado? For what purpose did the soldier die? Por qu gan la eleccin? What caused her to win the election? Para qu gan la eleccin? For what purpose did she win the election? Por qu es eso? Why is that? Para qu es eso? Whats that for? Por qu nieva mucho ms en Nueva York que en Madrid? Why does it snow much more in New York than in Madrid? Por qu hay pocos trompetistas en comparacin con otros instrumentistas? Why are there few trumpeters in comparison with other instrumentalists? Por qu brilla el sol? Why does the sun shine? The Difference Between Por Quà ©, Porque, Por Que,  El Porquà © Para quà ©Ã‚  and  por  quà ©Ã‚  are somewhat easier to differentiate, but what happens when there are four words spelled almost exactly the same way and each with slightly different meanings:  por quà ©, porque, por que and porquà ©? Something as simple as an accent mark can make all the difference in a sentence. Por quà ©Ã‚  is, together with  porque, one of the most often used of the four  porques. It means  Ã¢â‚¬Å"why,† very much the same way as it is used in English.  When you ask a question using  Ã¢â‚¬Å"why,† and you get an answer beginning with, â€Å"because, thats a good way to remember what  porque, as one word, with no accent, means. Spanish Sentence English Translation Por qu has venido? Porque tengo tiempo libre. Why have you come? Because I have some free time. Por qu no comes pizza? Porque no tengo hambre. Why have you come? Because I have some free time. Por qu te vas? Porque ya es muy tarde. Why are you leaving? Because it is too late already. El  porquà ©Ã‚  is a Spanish noun meaning the reason. It is written  with an accent mark over the  e and requires the definitive article el, meaning the. For example,  No entiendo  el porquà ©Ã‚  de tu decisià ³n, which means, I do not understand the reason behind your decision. Por  que,  two words without an accent mark, is the least commonly used.  It can be translated as â€Å"for which.† It is used as a prepositional phrase. For example,  Este es el motivo por que no llamà ©, translating to, This is the reason for which I didnt call.

Felicia Scott, Carethia Cury, and Fetal Abduction

Carethia Curry, 17 and pregnant, had no reason to suspect that her new friend, who was also pregnant, had devised a cold-blooded plan to kill her and steal her unborn child from her womb. Felicia Scott and Frederic Polion In 1995, Felicia Scott of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, was 29, the mother of two boys and living with her new boyfriend Frederic Polion. Scott was insecure in the relationship  and convinced that the only way to keep Polion happy was by the two of them having a baby together. In the fall of 1995, she announced to Polion, friends, and family that she was pregnant, but there was a problem that only a few in her family knew about. Scott could not get pregnant because, in 1994, she underwent a hysterectomy. An Instant Bond Around the same time that Scott announced her pregnancy, she befriended 17-year-old Carethia Curry who was also pregnant. A trust grew between the two women who spent a lot of time together shopping in childrens departments in stores, and sharing expectant mother stories as their due dates grew closer. On January 31, 1996, Curry, her mother Carolyn ONeal, and Scott spent the day together. After shopping, Currys  mother returned home and Curry, then nine months pregnant, accepted Scotts invitation to go eat pizza and then visit for a while at Scotts home. The Murder As planned, Scott and Curry went for pizza and then to Scotts apartment, but once inside, instead of enjoying a casual conversation, Scott pulled out a gun and shot her pregnant friend twice in the head. The bullets lodged in Currys head did not kill her instantly, but that did not stop Scott from taking a knife and cutting Curry down the entire length of her torso. Once she was cut open, Scott removed the fetus, then pushed the dying mothers body into a garbage can and taped it shut. Frederic Polion  Lends a Hand When Polion returned to the apartment Scott told him she had just given birth there and had put all the blood-soiled linens in the trash can. She asked him to get rid of it. He claims that he did as asked, going out of his way to a deep ravine right out of town to dispose of it. According to Polion, he never looked or questioned the weight of what was in the garbage can, but merely pushed it into the ravine. In the meantime,  Scott took the infant to a hospital in Birmingham and managed to get papers declaring that she was the mother. The Search for Carethia Carolyn ONeal began to worry when Curry failed to return home. At around 2 a.m. she called Scotts home and Polion answered the phone. She asked him where Curry was and he said that he did not know. At around 5 a.m., Scott called ONeal and told her that she had dropped Curry off at home at around 8:30 p.m, after having pizza. Suspecting that something was amiss, ONeal asked Scott directly, what had she done with her daughter. Scott avoided answering and instead began explaining that she had been in Birmingham having her baby and that she was sent home because she did not have insurance. ONeal did not believe her and she contacted the police to report that her daughter had been kidnapped by Scott and Polion. When ONeal learned that Scott had actually come home with the baby, she called the police and told them that she believed that Scott had her daughters baby. The next day the police questioned Scott about the whereabouts of Curry. Then they questioned her about her infant, and she quickly produced the paperwork that listed her name as the mother. For the time being, Scott was safe. More Lies In early February, Scott went to visit her father and made up another story about how she had ended up with the baby. She said the police had stopped a car that she and a friend were riding in and that she fainted. When she awoke, the friend and police were gone, but next to her on the seat was a baby. Her father did not believe the story and was about to ask her to leave when the police arrived and arrested Scott. Carethia  Curry is Found On March 14, 1996, Currys body was found at the bottom of the ravine. Evidence, including blood in Polions truck, convinced prosecutors that the murder was not something Scott accomplished alone. Scott and Polion were charged with kidnapping and murder. The Trials Polion stood by his original statement that he knew nothing of the murder. He was found guilty of kidnapping and was acquitted on the murder charges and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Scott blamed Polion for the murder, saying she only went along with it because she feared for her own life. She was found guilty of all charges and given a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Autopsy Report It was determined through an autopsy that Carethia  Curry lived approximately 12 hours after being shot, sliced opened, and her baby torn from her body. The Baby Carethias  baby girl miraculously survived the ordeal and was eventually returned to her natural father.